* Settles Vanquis Bank probe with FCA (Adds details, CEO comments, share movement): Feb 27 (Reuters) - Shares in troubled Provident Financial soared by more than 80 percent on Tuesday after the British sub-prime lender announced a 331 million pound ($462 mln) share sale that will increase its capital by more than a third. The rights issue is the first sign of a long-awaited turnaround in the company which lost 70 percent of its value last year when it swung into the red after two profit warnings, that prompted the departure of CEO Peter Crook and the suspension of its dividend.